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In 1970, Moog launched a cheaper, smaller synthesizer, the Minimoog.
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1970s: Portability, polyphony and patch memory
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Moog and Buchla initially avoided the word synthesizer for their instruments, as it was associated with the RCA synthesizer however, by the 1970s, "synthesizer" had become the standard term. However, the Moog's keyboard made it more accessible and marketable to musicians, and keyboards became the standard means of controlling synthesizers. Instead of a conventional keyboard, Buchla's system used touchplates which transmitted control voltages depending on finger position and force. Īround the same period, American engineer Don Buchla created the Buchla Modular Electronic Music System. This, along with Moog components such as envelopes, noise generators, filters, and sequencers, became standards in the synthesizer market. Moog developed a means of controlling pitch through voltage, the voltage-controlled oscillator. : 7 Designed by American engineer Robert Moog, the synthesizer was composed of separate modules which created and shaped sounds, connected by patch cords. The authors of Analog Days define "the early years of the synthesizer" as between 1964 and the mid-1970s, beginning with the debut of the Moog synthesizer. Many of Moog's inventions, such as voltage-controlled oscillators, became standards of synthesizers. Robert Moog with a Moog modular synthesizer. It was acquired by the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center and used almost exclusively by Milton Babbitt, a composer at Princeton University.
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The instrument read punched paper tape that controlled an analog synthesizer containing 750 vacuum tubes. In 1957, Harry Olson and Herbert Belar completed the RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer at the RCA laboratories in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1948, the Canadian engineer Hugh Le Caine completed the electronic sackbut, a precursor to voltage-controlled synthesizers, with keyboard sensitivity allowing for vibrato, glissando, and attack control. In the late 1930s, the Hammond Organ Company built the Novachord, a large instrument powered by 72 voltage-controlled amplifiers and 146 vacuum tubes.
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Switched-On Bach (1968), a bestselling album of Bach compositions arranged for synthesizer by Wendy Carlos, took synthesizers to the mainstream. Synthesizers were initially viewed as avant-garde, valued by the 1960s psychedelic and counter-cultural scenes but with little perceived commercial potential. Software synthesizers now can be run as plug-ins or embedded on single microchips in any electronic device. The first mass-produced synthesizer, the Yamaha DX7, was launched in 1983, popularizing digital synthesis. 1982 saw the introduction of MIDI, a standardized means of synchronizing electronic instruments that remains an industry standard. In 1978, Sequential Circuits released the Prophet-5, which used microprocessors to allow users to store sounds for the first time. In 1970, the smaller, cheaper Minimoog standardized synthesizers as self-contained instruments with built-in keyboards, unlike the larger modular synthesizers before it. The Moog synthesizer, developed by Robert Moog and first sold in 1964, is credited for pioneering analog synthesis concepts such as voltage-controlled oscillators, envelopes, noise generators, filters, and sequencers. Synthesizer-like instruments emerged in the United States in the mid-20th century with instruments such as the RCA Mark II, which was controlled with punch cards and used hundreds of vacuum tubes. A sample of several common synthesizers (Moog Model D, Juno 106, and TB-303) being played together.